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Fans had expected a similar approach for Mass Effect: Andromeda, but mediocre reviews and animation memes have steered the series in an unfortunate new direction. In April, as we reported, Bio. Ware scaled down its Montreal studio, whose staff had developed Mass Effect: Andromeda with help from Bio. Ware’s other studios in Edmonton and Austin. The chilly reception to Andromeda led the company to transfer Bio. Ware Montreal’s employees to other projects, including Star Wars Battlefront II, Anthem, and the next Dragon Age. Although a small team remains in place to work on Mass Effect: Andromeda’s multiplayer and patch support (which isn’t done yet), most of Bio. Ware Montreal has moved on. Bio. Ware also shelved plans for a sequel to Mass Effect: Andromeda, sources said. While reporting that news, I had been pretty sure that Mass Effect: Andromeda wouldn’t be getting single- player DLC. There are few people left at Bio. Ware Montreal who could even work on it. 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But given how plentiful these stars are, and the vast number of exoplanets that likely orbit these objects, it’s imperative that we learn more about them. This new discovery is a step in that direction, and hopefully a sign of future discoveries. For answers to many questions, consult the CURRENT MONTHLY REVISED EDITION of the Official Traditional Catholic Directory, Listing All Traditional Latin Masses and. A chief provider and curator of Catholic information on the web since 1996. Our editorial voice, always faithful to the teachings of the Church, assists and inspires. Western Education in Nigeria - British Conquest. British Conquest and Resistance of Izzi People. Western Education in Nigeria – In 1. British government proclaimed the protectorates of Northern and Southern Nigeria and the colony and protectorate of Lagos, today known as the federation of Nigeria. This declaration was easier made than enforced. The attempt to enforce the declaration culminated in a series of conflicts between the colonial government and the various peoples of Nigeria. To order the Complete Project Material, Pay thr Sum of N3,0. BANK NAME: FIRST BANK PLCACCOUNT NAME: CHIBUZOR TOCHI ONYEMENAMACCOUNT NUMBER: 3. Then send the Project Topic, Your Email Address and Full Name to 0. The various peoples of Nigeria challenged the British incursion. This was how the different people of Abakaliki of which Izzi clan is a part found themselves dragged into the wars of resistence against British rule. Roman Catholic Missionary Activities In Nigeria Today EveningAs the people remained hostile to foreign domination, the British colonial government embarked on the piecemeal conquest of different villages and groups in Abakaliki area. However, the Izzi first came into contact with the British government in 1. District it officer, Obubra, Mr. C. W Partridge was invited by the Anmachi community to protect them against the Igbeagu who were attacking them. This request by the Anmachi community was honored by the British officials who settled the dispute. The main British encounter with the people of Izzi, Ezza, Ikwo and Ishielu clans and other North- eastern Igbo occurred in 1. It was from Afikpo, Ediba (Itigidi), and Obubra areas of Cross River basin that the pressure on these clans to surrender their sovereignty was mounted.
Wojtyla, known as John Paul II since his October 1978 election to the papacy, was born in Wadowice, a small city 50 kilometres from Cracow, on May 18, 1920. Meanwhile, the British sought their way to more friendly Izzi clan. According to Van Steensel, there was not much resistence from the Izzi clan. It seen that some Izzi elements even requested for their coming and expected some help from them against the expansion drift of the Ezza. They came and made their camp at the hill of Abakaliki. It was this base camp that became the British headquarters in the Abakaliki areas. The headquarters became known as Abakaliki, a name derived from a combination of the villages of Abakaliki and Nkaleke, on whose land the base camp was established. And the first District Commissioner for Abakaliki in 1. Mr. A. C Douglas. Indeed, the colonial government chose Abakaliki as their permanent headquarters because it was a place with good water supply and a dominating hill useful for a defensive post. Voluntary and forced labour of the Izzi and other conquered clans were used to erect building for administrative headquarter. After Ishielu was conquered in 1. Ishielu were working daily for the erection of structures. They also made efforts to restore normal peaceful situations by the delineation of permanent boundaries to prevent constant reoccurrence of conflicts. They demarcated the boundaries in conflict between Ebyia and Ezza; between Ida and Oshopo; between Igbeagu and Okum; between Enyigba and Ikwo; between Iseke and Effium; between Iseke and Okwogu, Iseks and Echara and Nkaleke communities. Appointment of Warrant Chiefs. After the British conquest of various people of Abakaliki, they discovered that, as in most part of Igboland, there were no centralized authorities to work with. Consequently, the colonial government decided to appoint warrant chiefs. This was an attempt at ruling indirectly through indigenous institutions and personnels. It was also an attempt to reduce the cost of administration and ensure the maintenance of law and order among the people. The British overlord appointed indigenous an chiefs over the conquered clans and sub- clans. They gave them special written warrants as rulers. In Izzi chief Igboji Ola of Igbeagu was one of the early warrant chief in the area. Another of these early warrant chiefs in Izzi was Chita Alidor who was appointed between 1. Chita Alidor of Izzi clan was made a warrant chief between 1. British officials in Abakaliki. He was a renounced soldier and a magician who made sporadic attacks on the camps of the colonial troops. He was appointed a warrant chief in order to distract him from using age grade and league of medicine man against the colonial administration. Thus, only few of these warrant chief appointed during this period in Izzi were traditional priest (Uke) who would traditionally have been the right people for these posts. Establishment of Native Courts. Native courts as instrument of British colonialism began to flourish in Abakaliki Division in 1. Abakaliki Divisional headquarters. It was also on record that the first recorded judgment in the Abakaliki Divisional court was made on November 1. British political officer in charge. However, with the establishment of the Native courts, the frame work for the colonial government and subsequent native authority was laid in Abakaliki. From this focal point, the British officials moved into the interior parts of the various clan in the areas to appoint warrant chiefs and to establish Native courts. In 1. 92. 3, a Native court was built near Nkwagu market in Izzi clan for the surrounding area of Izzi. And by the late 1. Iboko Izzi. 12. In these Native courts, the warrant chiefs administered Justice on behalf of the British colonial rulers. The Beginning of Western Education. According to S. O Osoba and A Fajana “this foreign variety of education has co- existed ever since with different forms of indigenous education, but has progressively gained importance during the 2. British interests Christian Missions, commerce and formal colonization because firmly entrenched. The fortunes and significance of western type education were affected by a Welter of objective social, cultural, economic and political factors operating in the various Nigeria societies, just as the entire Nigerian society was itself significantly influenced and altered by the impact of this imported brand of education. According to Crowder, though western education was to improve in its impacts the most radical of all the innovations introduced by the colonial powers, education as such was not foreign to African society 1. Thus, it is obvious that traditional system of education was already existing in various parts of Africa before the coming of western education. However, the introduction of western education in Nigeria could be dated to the 1. European Christian missions made their first successful and enduring incursions into the territories bordering the Atlantic Ocean 1. Christian missions as the pioneer of western education in Nigeria recognized on their arrival that the task of converting the adults to Christianity would be a Herculean one, and so, turned their attention to the children whom they hoped to catch through school education. It was therefore, a familiar strategy that when a mission established a new post any where in this area, one of the first facilities it endeavoured to provide was a school. Therefore, various Christian missions operating in Abakaliki deemed it necessary to educate the people through western education because, without such education the people particularly the Izzi would not be able to read and understand the Bible. The Growth of Western Education in Izzi Clan. The growth under colonial rule. Unlike some areas of Nigeria, especially the coastal and riverine areas of south eastern Nigeria and Yoruba land, the advent of Christian missions into Abakaliki was delayed by two main factors. These factors were the geographical position of the area and the hostility of the people towards the white man. Abakaliki district is not connected to the coast by a major river which could have facilitate transportation and communication. Abakaliki is more or less land locked with the exception of some Ikwo villages. The people were also very suspicious of the Europeans whom they feared would tamper with their lands. The Christian missions, however, made some early efforts to establish their presence in Abakaliki district after the colonial conquest of the area. For instance, the first attempt by catholic missionaries to penetrate areas of Afikpo and Abakaliki dated back to 1. The efforts made by father Francis Howel were thwarted by the refusal of the local leaders who argued that such a religion interfered with their religion and customs. Another proneering effort was made from Udi between 1. Eke parish in Udi made attempts to establish in Abakaliki town. Reverend Father Davey of Eke parish used to visit Abakaliki on Sundays on a motorcycle for his third mass. Abakaliki was then an out station of the parish at Eke in Udi. During this period, the congregation of the catholic church was formed in the area mainly from among the non- Abakaliki Igbo in the town. Despite these early efforts however, Christianity could not take strong roots in Abakaliki due among other things to the deep roots of traditional way of worshipping gods in the area. The strong adherence of the people to the traditional and ancestral ways of worship militated against the spread of Christianity in parts of the former Abakaliki division. By the 1. 92. 0’s however, missionary activities began to make some progress among the indigenous citizens of Abakaliki clans. As we are already aware, the Christian missions were responsible for the introduction of western education in Abakaliki district and Izzi local government in particular. The Christian missions could not carry out effectively the business of teaching the people the gospel of Christ without first of all teaching them how to read and write. The Roman catholic mission started this work in Abakaliki district with the establishment of the Iboko in Izzi), Ajaga, Amagu (Ezza), Ibudu (Ikwo) and Akataka mission school in the year 1. Evang. Groetz who was the manager of the Roman catholic mission schools, Ogoja. According to Nwede Leonard, the Methodist church established their first school and church at Nkalagu road junction in the year 1. Teacher Education and Development in Nigeria: An Analysis of Reforms, Challenges and Prospects : : Science Publishing Group. Introduction. Teacher education refers to professional education of teachers towards attainment of attitudes, skills and knowledge considered desirable so as to make them efficient and effective in their work, in accordance with the need of a given society at any point in time. It includes training and or education occurring before commencement of service (pre- service) and during service (in- service or on- the- job). Every society requires adequate human and material resources to improve its social organization, preserve the culture, enhance economic development and reform the political structures. Education is often seen as a prerequisite for quality manpower development and creation of wealth, a sure path to success in life and service to humanity. Thus, teachers have important role to play to adequately prepare the young for their roles in the society in order to achieve the set national objectives. Education is an inevitable tool for sustainable development and a vehicle for advancing the frontier of knowledge (Abdul- Kareem, 2. In this regard, education is severally conceived and inculcated by people of varying backgrounds, ages, needs and aspirations for sustainable development. The potency of education is more evident in its globalization trends imbued with instrumental values of nurturing productive citizens for sustainable development and democracy. Education has been recognized as a process of imparting knowledge, skills and attitudes to the learners. Teachers’ influence is always felt in every aspect of the society. The effectiveness of any educational system depends greatly on the educational attainment of teachers because no system of education can be qualitatively higher than the quality and commitment of its teachers. The fact remains that teaching and learning depend on teachers for there can be no meaningful socio- economic and political development in any country without teachers. It is on teachers’ numbers, quality and devotion that rest the effectiveness of all educational arrangements, development and growth. Even the educational planners may have the best educational policies and designs, the government may vote the largest sum of its revenue to education, but the ultimate realization of any set of aims for education depends on the teacher. It is the teacher who will ultimately be responsible for translating policy into action and principles into practice in their interactions with their students. This can be influence by the availability of adequate training and retraining programmes for those about to teach and those already teaching respectively. Hence, the efficiency of teacher training should be the main determining factor in the success or failure of education to meet the country’s needs. The training is the policies and procedures designed to equip prospective teachers with the knowledge, attitudes and skills they require to perform their tasks effectively in the classroom, school and wider community. Education is the most powerful instrument for social and economic progress. It is the greatest power get known to man for his\her own improvements. Teachers are the heart and soul of the educational enterprises, indeed, the life of the school system depends on them. Teachers belong to the profession which has the only potential of determining the social, economic, political and moral destiny of every Nigerian citizen. This fact underscores the necessity for teacher education to be perceived as a sacred duty that must never be toyed with if teaching must fulfill its divine professional mandate of cultivating generations of highly responsible disciplined and useful Nigerians. However, teacher education should be regarded as the bedrock for national development. For teacher quality to rise above the educational system, a strong teacher education programme is required. This paper talks about the need for teacher education, the ideal teacher education, teacher education and national development, reviews the historical development of teacher education in Nigeria, and further examines teacher education reforms as undertaken by Phelp- Stokes and Ashby commissions, Nigeria regional governments, as well as the post- independence efforts. Subsequently, the paper identifies and discusses the challenges facing teacher education in the country and give suggestions towards improving the system. The Need for Teacher Education. Teacher education is policies and procedures designed to equip prospective teachers with the knowledge, attitude, behaviors and skills they require to perform their tasks effectively in the classroom, school, the church/mosque and the local and wider society. Although, ideally it should be conceived of and organized as a seamless continuum, teacher education is often divided into three stages. The Ideal Teacher Education. According to (Adewuyi and Ogunwuyi, 2. It is informed by the fact that teaching is an all- purpose profession which stimulates the development of mental, physical and emotional powers of students. Such educated citizens would be sensitive and equipped with peaceful co- existence, environmental management and democratic process. The heartbeat of manpower development and training for prudent use and sustenance of resources in nation building is teacher education. Teacher education, being inextricably linked with general education and social goals, is constantly caught up in the series of dilemmas derivable from educational expansion, political, technological development and social change. The prevailing crisis in Nigerian education and its society as typified by unemployment, poverty, corruption, crime, indiscipline and underutilization of capacities in all facets of human life and national development, could be ascribed to the neglect of teacher education and pitiable plight of the teachers. All these conflictual relationships precipitated poverty- induced hardships across all segments of the Nigerian community. What structurally becomes important in achieving the nation’s quest for self- reliant society, imbued with vibrant economy and productive citizenry, is to put in place a comprehensive teacher education programme (Adewuyi, 2. Herein, teacher education should embrace and radiate the energizing forces of change backed up purposefully by democratic leadership and rational economic policies. This provides the basis for sustainable development and environment which largely facilitate harmonious creation of wealth and well- being of humanity. The importance of education as a weapon against ignorance,conflict, disease and poverty demands coherent information processing systems anchored on manipulative skills which help to coordinate and transform conceptual ideas, emotions and feelings into life supporting operations beyond the school setting. Herein, a sufficiently educated and enlightened population is a quality assurance for individual and social productivity, responsible leadership and prosperous future. A general desire to be educated in spite of the stagnation of opportunities and incentives as well as disenchantment among the teachers at all levels requires a well conceptualized humanistic approach to teacher education programme. A coherent teacher education programme should systematically embrace integrated curriculum innovations which reflect the social, economic and political environment of a modern society to solve societal problems. A history of Teacher Education in Pre- Colonial Nigeria: An Overview. The origin and development of formal teacher education in the area that became Nigeria can be traced to the beginning of Western education in the pre- colonial Nigeria. The various church missions such as the Wesleyan Methodist, the Church Missionary Society, the Baptist, the Church of Scotland (Presbyterian) and the Roman Catholic were not only the pioneers, but very active in the area between 1. Certainly, they contributed in no small measure to the development of teacher education in pre- colonial Nigeria. According to (Ajayi, 1. Africanist scholars have argued, to further the imperialist design to limit colonial education to the basics, with the intention to produce educated Africans who (inadvertently) would participate in furthering imperial exploitation only. Discussing the system of education, (Adeyinka, 1. In such a system, the missionary teacher organized the school in his residence premises and some of his pupils lived with him as part of his family. They were then recruited as teachers, but further received one hour instruction daily from the head teacher on teaching methodology. The duration of the course was two years, after which they would sit for the pupil- teacher examination. Besides being the foundation of teacher education, the significance of this system was that it enabled the student- teachers to receive further training and education while contributing their quota in the formal educational needs of the society through teaching other pupils. From this very humble beginning, the system has developed into a more complex one involving college institutions and universities. The first teacher training college, known as the Training Institution was established in Abeokuta in 1. Church Missionary Society (CMS). The school was later moved to Lagos in 1. Abeokuta due to some disagreements between the missionaries and the local population/authorities most of whom were not very receptive to the new religion and the form of education being introduced by the missionaries. Perhaps, the preponderance of British presence and security assurances in Lagos influenced the decision to relocate to Lagos. 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Download Bollywood Video Songs in Mp4 format. Free Mp4 Videos. The average cost for a Honda Civic Valve Cover Gasket Replacement is between $102 and $149. Labor costs are estimated between $70 and $89 while parts are priced. How to Build Chevy Big-Blocks: The Complete Assembly Guide - Covers how to build 396 to 572 ci Chevy Big-Block Engines Step-by-Step. 6.0 PowerStroke and TorqShift Bulletins. Click here for F-650/750 & LCF Bulletins. Updated: 6-4-08. Customer Satisfaction Programs 08B02 and 48B01; Deductible. Information about Small Engine Carburetors, Various Fuels and Fuel Systems. The 350 in Bill Hedekin’s 1967 Corvette Backfires, Stalls, and Uses Oil. Time for HOT ROD to Fix It. The average cost for a Honda Odyssey Valve Cover Gasket Replacement is between $342 and $458. Labor costs are estimated between $316 and $400 while parts are priced. Buy a Gasket--Rocker Cover . EHow Auto gets you on the fast track with repair, maintenance, and shopping advice. Whether you're jump starting a battery or insuring a new car, we can help. Chrysler PT Cruiser Repairs & Tips. We are not responsible for the accuracy of the information or opinions presented here, or for any consequences of taking action. Head Gasket Replacement Overheating can come from many problems, but the worst is a bad head gasket. Head Gasket Replacement. Fixing a blown head gasket is 9. Since we don't want to be doing the 9. ROL Manufacturing. The company carries a full line of gaskets to reseal the 5. You can perform a compression test of all cylinders to check for a failed head gasket. If the gasket has failed between two adjacent cylinders, those two cylinders will have low numbers. You also can use the compression tester hose (with the Shrader valve removed) to apply compressed air to each cylinder. When the air enters the cylinder, a leak to the cooling system or oil passages will produce pressurized air in those systems as well (check for bubbles in the radiator or air escaping the valve covers or oil dipstick). A cooling system tester is another good tool for checking cylinder head gasket integrity as well as your cooling system. The style used here connects to the radiator overflow hose and checks the radiator cap at the same time (with compressed air). Other models connect in place of the radiator cap and are pumped by hand. Drain the coolant when you have completed the testing. Getting down to the cylinder heads is a dirty task. Remove any aftermarket items, such as nitrous, blower, or strut brace, that are in the way. The upper intake is held by six bolts (two under the ID plate). Be mindful of an intake bracket at the back on some model years, and don't just start prying in a he- man fashion. Once the upper intake is off, the valve cover bolts are easily reached. Don't forget to disconnect your battery. To remove the lower intake, you will need to remove the distributor. Index the rotor to the edge of the distributor with a permanent marker and pull the distributor free. This will allow you to insert the distributor back in the same place (providing the engine isn't turned). Remove the intake manifold's 1. Loosen the bolt holding the heater tube last. Sometimes you can pull the intake and tube together. All front- end accessories will need to be removed to free the heads. The A/C compressor can be carefully rolled over to the passenger- side fender to prevent opening the system. This GT's air isn't working, so we simply pulled the lines off for more working room. Remove the alternator and Thermactor air pump together and let the power steering pump hang from the framerail, using a wire hanger. Remove the rockers and pushrods from the heads, keeping them in order. You might be able to simply unbolt the headers from the heads (if there is clearance for your tools); otherwise, you will have to completely remove the headers. Unbolt the heads and carefully pull them free of the block. You might notice here that the timing cover is missing- -well, we decided to put a hotter cam in at the same time. Our sister magazine, 5. Mustang, wanted to throw on a Holley Systemax I (lower intake, cam, and timing set) for some grins and more low end. The lifters were removed from their bores (soak them in clean oil to prevent them from . If you opt to do a similar upgrade, work slowly to prevent nicking a cam bearing in the block. You will have to unbolt the A/C condenser mounting brackets and flip the condenser out of the way for cam removal clearance. The problem was evident after the driver- side head was removed. Cylinder No. 6 had breached between a coolant passage and the combustion chamber (screwdriver tip pointing). You can also see the water stains in the top edge of the cylinder bore where the coolant had been seeping into the chamber (between my two fingers). Once we are down to our short- block, the messy job of cleanup work starts. Begin with a large gasket scraper or razor blade and remove the large sections of gasket from the block surfaces, intake, heads, and timing cover (if removed). Once the large, easy sections of gasket have been removed, step up to a high- speed tool (air or electric driven) with a surface- conditioning disc attached to make quick work of the gasket surfaces. Be careful on any aluminum surfaces to not create low spots that will allow leaks. The cylinder heads are cleaned in the same manner. If your Mustang has excessive mileage, you may want to have the heads professionally inspected for new valve stem seals and guides. If you have a friend who is a decent head porter, you can have the stock castings tweaked some, but don't go crazy fixing them up. Why spend $8. 00 on seals, guides, exhaust valves, and porting when you can install a great set of performance aluminum heads right out of the box for $1,2. The new Holley Systemax camshaft is cleaned and a coating of the included assembly lube is applied as the cam is installed. Use a bolt or the old cam gear as a handle to aid in installation. Using the included Holley instructions or your shop manual, index the camshaft and crankshaft, and install the timing chain set with more assembly lube. The timing cover and water pump assembly are reinstalled once the timing chain is secured. Don't forget a dab of silicone where the old rubber pan gasket meets the new cork end gaskets (arrow). When installing the new high- temp ROL head gaskets, make sure they are oriented the correct way. The gaskets are stamped . If you install the head gaskets backward, you will have severe overheating problems. Notice we decarboned the piston surfaces to remove hot spots. The cleaned and prepped heads can now be laid into place on the short- block. Make sure the dowels in the lower corner head bolt holes are installed and in good shape, as they locate the head to the block and prevent gasket damage caused by the head sliding around. On late- model 5. Use a quality thread sealer to prevent coolant leakage. I've found the best choice is Permatex Form- A- Gasket 2 sealant. It remains sticky and doesn't harden. Other thread sealers have caused me problems, so you've been warned. Reinstall the lifters, pushrods, and rocker arms in their original locations. Using a shop manual, check lifter preload and adjust as necessary with pedestal shims. If you retained the stock cam, you should be OK with just tightening the rocker arm bolts to the specified torque rating. Use Felco- Bond or other gasket adhesive to hold the intake gaskets and cork end rails in place. Some people use all silicone for end rails. I have had good luck using glue- down or adhesive- backed cork end rails (with sufficient drying time) and dabs of silicone in each corner where the side and end gaskets meet. Note how the intake gaskets interlock with the head gaskets (arrow). Reinstall the lower intake (our Holley Systemax is shown here), taking care not to get any wires or hoses caught under the intake itself. If you don't have steady hands, use threaded rod as locating dowels to help install the manifold. Since we had to swap everything over to the Holley manifold, the heater tube was separately reinstalled. If you pulled your intake with the tube intact, remember to start that one bolt first to prevent misalignment of the intake to the heads. If you didn't swap cams, you can easily drop your distributor back in by lowering it into place and aligning the rotor with the mark you made. If you installed a cam as we did or the engine was accidentally rotated, you will need to locate top dead center on the No. Rotate the engine until the timing pointer is at zero on the damper and both the intake and exhaust valves are closed on the compression stroke of cylinder No. Install the distributor with the rotor pointing toward the No. Reinstall your headers using new header gaskets, which we also obtained from ROL. Don't forget to retighten the header bolts after a few engine- running cycles. Though the A/C and power steering had been started earlier, the remainder of the front- end accessories are bolted home now, including the pulleys, fan, hoses, and wiring. Take one last look at the valvetrain to make sure everything is fine, and then button up the engine by installing the valve covers with new gaskets. Don't overtighten the bolts and damage the gaskets. You also may wish to use a little Loctite 2. The stock upper intake (which already had a BBK 6. EGR spacer) is placed onto the Holley lower with a new gasket. If you want to maintain a stock look, you can get the upper intake Extrude Honed. Start all the bolts before tightening them. The Holley Systemax nameplate replaces the stock H. O. Top off the coolant, change the oil, and recheck your work before starting your Mustang. We now return you to your regularly scheduled weekend, without the overheating problems. No one enjoys having car problems- -even those of us who claim to enjoy working on cars and repairing them. The last thing we want to do is be forced into working on our cars. We can schedule upgrades and maintenance at our convenience, but a car problem means having to drop everything and change your plans to make repairs. Sometimes a car problem can be as simple as replacing a burned out headlight bulb. A quick trip to the parts store or even Wal- Mart and you have part in hand and the job done in a relatively short amount of time. No muss, no fuss, and your weekend of holding the hammock down with your backside is spared. But sometimes a car problem arises that just can't be accomplished this quickly, and though the job has to be done, it is dreaded every minute until the car is running again. Head gasket replacements are right at the top of the list when it comes to dreaded repairs. A head gasket is no easy problem to diagnose to begin with, and the repair in itself is lengthy, laborious, and quite boring. There's not much you can do but roll up your sleeves and dig in, leaving yourself plenty of time to complete the work. How do you know if you have a bad head gasket in the first place? Some of the telltale signs of a bad head gasket make it extremely easy to diagnose, while other signs make you get out special tools for testing. HOT ROD Rescue: EZ- EFI Issues on 1. Corvette Traced to Bad Valve Seals. Bill and Linda Hedekin bought their vintage 1. Corvette in the late 1. The ex–road racer has long since been returned to the street. The Combo. Bill Hedekin’s 1. Corvette should have been a runner. Once a late- 1. 96. SCCA B/Production road racer, the car was returned to street duty, still equipped with a vintage 3. Mouse with fuelie heads and vintage Edelbrock Torker single- plane intake—but upgraded and rebuilt with Total Seal piston rings, a modern Comp Cams Magnum 2. HR hydraulic roller cam, an MSD- 6. AL ignition, and a FAST EZ- EFI self- tuning, throttle- body fuel injection. Power is transferred back through an M2. Muncie close- ratio, four- speed manual trans to a 3. Posi IRS. The vintage small- bock was rebuilt a few years ago with a big hydraulic roller cam and EZ- EFI. It had poor driveability and burned oil. The Problem. After the engine refresh, “The car never seemed to be right,” Hedekin says. It always starts fine, but cuts out under throttle. There’s always oil on the . I’ve changed the plugs myself three or four times, even tried specialty plugs. Several shops tried to tune it. Nothing really helped.” In his rescue request interview, Hedekin primarily blamed the EFI, mentioning the oil- fouled plugs only in passing. When pressed, he allowed, “The car does burn some oil—probably 1 quart every 1. The Diagnosis. One of a vanishing breed of full- service auto- repair shops, Norm Rollings can fix anything—early to late, stocker to race car. We sent the Diamond Bar, California–based car to Rollings Automotive, a full- service shop in Mira Loma, California. Owner Norm Rollings immediately homed in on the oil consumption—not the EFI—as the primary stumbling block. Explains Rollings, “You don’t lose that much oil unless there’s something physically wrong. EFI won’t work right with an oil- use problem. Oil attacks the O2 sensor, which messes up everything, including the system’s self- tuning ability. We needed to find out where the oil was coming from.“The first step was to look at engine vacuum. A vacuum leak can suck oil into the . That can be tough to find because it can be sucking in from the bottom (the valley side, underneath the manifold). But vacuum was still about 1. The disconnected hose did cause the fuel pressure regulator to go to maximum pressure at idle, which will contribute to the driveability issues, but sticking the hose back on produced no significant change in vacuum or driveability for the moment.”Vacuum was an acceptable 1. The hose’s other end connects to the fuel pressure regulator, but hooking it back up didn’t initially improve driveability.“We then pulled the . They were really contaminated with oil. We did a leakdown and compression test. The cylinders had good compression and only 8- to 1. Total Seal rings on a street car, so it probably wasn’t the rings or valve seats.”Engine compression and leakdown test readings were normal, but the spark plugs were oil- fouled.“Next we pulled the valve covers to check the valve- guide slop on the engine’s rare camel- hump factory heads. To measure this, we had to pull the valvesprings. In the process, we found a broken inner damper. This made us question the integrity of all the springs.”Several valvesprings had broken dampers. Hedekin says the springs were “an old Z2. Z2. 8 springs were designed for the old lazy stock solid lifter cams and they don’t really have enough pressure to support today’s hydraulic roller cams. Springs removed, Rollings observed, “The heads still had old OE umbrella valve seals. Today we machine the guides for positive- stop seals. They offer better oil control in all cases, but with Hedekin’s high- lift cam, positive- stop seals are mandatory: The big lift was crushing the seals into the top of the valveguide; we could visually see there was contact. The old seals could only support around 0. Hedekin’s cam had 0. But at least the heads’ bronze valve guides were still nice and tight. So in terms of oil consumption, the only problem was retainer- to- seal interference. The crushed seals let oil run right down the guides. Engine vacuum sucked oil down the valve stem into the engine.”High oil use was traced to umbrella- type valve seals getting crushed by the spring retainers. The seals were too tall for a 0. The minimalist (and more affordable) approach is modifying the existing heads to accept modern springs and positive- stop–style valve seals. The Daddy Warbucks method is a top- end swap to modern aftermarket aluminum heads. We’ll show you both ways to go. The Fix: Existing Heads. To install positive- stop valve seals, remove and disassemble the heads, then machine the top of the guide with a special cutter and arbor. The cutter (A) must match the guide od and the arbor (pilot, B) the valve- stem od. These old Chevy heads had 0. Comp Cams sells the correct cutter under PN 4. PN 4. 73. 2. The guides can be cut at home using a common hand drill. Rollings usually places a thick valvespring seat insert in the pocket to protect the guide during the machining process, then cuts the “chimney” portion of the stock guide down about 0. Original positive- stop or . They’re not malleable enough to conform to the valve stem and can also wear the stem where the seal’s . Instead we use a Viton- based seal, with a spring around it for radial tension. It doesn’t harden, and it’s not affected by heat- cycling. It wipes oil off the stem like a windshield- wiper blade wipes water off the windshield.” Modifying the valve guides for positive- stop seals is easily done at home with a hand drill and the appropriate arbor and cutter tooling available through Comp Cams. Here, the right- hand guide pair is still unmachined. The bronze wall guides’ “chimney” still sticks up out of the guide casting. On the finished left- hand pair, the guide has been lowered about 0. The chimney is now flush with the top of the guide. The cut- down guides provide up to 0. Subtracting 0. 1. Back in the day, the usual approach was machining the spring pockets oversize to accept double (or even triple) springs. But this doesn’t always work for all heads. Hedekin had No. 4. Special stepped cutters are available, but Rollings says they’re not compatible with his preferred modern, hydraulic- roller- cam- compatible spring designs. In any event, there was also insufficient material between the outer pockets and head- bolt holes on each end of the head to adequately support larger springs. This is a classic small- block No. Its stock 1. 2. 90- inch spring seats have been cut oversize for these 1. This is Hedekin’s later No. This casting lacks sufficient material (arrow) between the pocket’s outer edge and the head bolt hole at the end of the head to support a large- diameter pocket; the casting wall “drops off a cliff,” which would leave a larger- diameter spring “hanging in the wind.”What was needed was a spring and retainer that fit the stock pocket while developing adequate pressure for the hydraulic roller cam. Enter a Comp Cams conical spring and retainer combo originally developed for today’s LS engines with their small spring pockets and 8mm valve stems. Conical springs increase the valvetrain rpm limit, reduce resonance, and decrease dynamic spring oscillations. The result: longer spring life and the ability to run more aggressive cams. Comp offers a hybrid 7- degree lock that allows installing this spring and retainer on an old small- block’s 1. On paper, the conicals are designed to generate the desired seat and open pressures at the usual small- block 1. As it turns out, the new springs’ retainers are effectively thicker than the retainers used with conventional springs; with no other changes, the installed height ends up about 0. Even so, Comp Cams’ Valvetrain Group Manager Billy Godbold maintains these higher than “normal” pressures are still OK with a hydraulic roller. With Hedekin’s 0. That’s a little tight according to old- school theory, but again, Godbold isn’t worried: “Due the conical spring’s unique design, it actually likes and performs best when installed close to coil- bind.”Valvespring Pressures. Conical spring PN 7. Retainer PN 7. 74- 1. Valve Length. Installed Height. Seat Pressure. Open Pressure. Coil- Bind Height. Distance to Coil- Bind. With 0. 5. 25- inch valve- lift (Hedekin’s existing cam)Stock. With no other changes, the conical’s 1. If (as is the case on 4. The next step is 0. On a small- block Chevy, “plus- 0. The cam’s base circle diameter, lifter height, head- gasket thickness, and the amount the block and heads were milled also influence pushrod length. Rollings recommends mocking up the motor and using a Manley pushrod checker to positively determine the proper length. To compensate for the thicker retainers, Rollings installed 0. SI stainless steel valves. Use at least a 0. Here, you can see the Comp conical springs, positive- stop seals fully installed, new valves, and shims in the process of assembly. The Fix: Edelbrock Heads. In the end, owner Hedekin thought it was an opportune time to upgrade to a set of modern, free- flowing Edelbrock Performer RPM heads. They deliver great throttle response and power from 1,5. Photo: Edelbrock LLC)The same Fel- Pro Performance- series head gasket (PN 1. GM and the new Edelbrock heads. The head gasket features a flattened stainless steel fire ring that minimizes aluminum head brinelling while providing optimum sealing. Use a thread- chaser tap to clean out the old corroded head- bolt holes. The other solution—and the one Hedekin self- selected—was swapping on modern Edelbrock Performer RPM heads. Perfect for street performance, daily drivers, street rods, and muscle cars, the specific version installed on the Vette (PN 6. They bolted right on to the Vette’s existing short- block. The only glitch was due to the new heads’ slightly taller valve- cover rails: One of Hedekin’s existing Chevrolet Performance bow- tie valve covers had to be notched at the rear driver- side to clear the Vette’s power- brake vacuum booster. Free Download Aimersoft DVD, Video and DRM Software. 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